Research data · Brain technique
Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection
From 2021 to 2025, 706 animal research papers mentioned ICV injection and at least one behavioral test.
That is 6% fewer than the 753 papers of 2011 to 2015. Between the same two periods, all the animal research papers that mention any of the 90 tests we count rose 22%. The 2021 to 2025 count may run low because of a dip in PubMed's indexing, explained under the year chart.
The tests mentioned with ICV injection
Passive avoidance appears in 14% of these papers and in 3.5% of all 32,277 papers that mention a test. That makes it 3.9 times as common in this research. Each bar is one test, with how many of the 706 papers from 2021 to 2025 mention it, and what share that is. A paper that mentions two tests counts under both.
The 15 tests these papers mention most
All 66 tests these papers mention
| Test | Papers | Share of the 706 papers |
|---|---|---|
| Morris water maze | 269 | 38% |
| Novel object recognition | 125 | 18% |
| Passive avoidance | 98 | 14% |
| Y-maze | 84 | 12% |
| Open field | 84 | 12% |
| Elevated plus maze | 65 | 9% |
| Forced swim test | 58 | 8% |
| Rotarod | 41 | 6% |
| Tail suspension test | 37 | 5% |
| Barnes maze | 33 | 5% |
| Fear conditioning | 31 | 4% |
| Conditioned place preference | 27 | 4% |
| Sucrose preference test | 23 | 3% |
| Tail flick | 20 | 3% |
| Von Frey test | 14 | 2% |
| Object location test | 13 | 2% |
| Radial arm maze | 11 | 2% |
| Beam walking | 11 | 2% |
| Treadmill running | 10 | 1% |
| Formalin test | 9 | 1% |
| T-maze | 8 | 1% |
| Operant conditioning | 7 | 1% |
| Splash test | 7 | 1% |
| Hot plate | 7 | 1% |
| Nest building | 6 | 1% |
| Step-down avoidance | 6 | 1% |
| Marble burying | 6 | 1% |
| Grid walking (foot fault) | 6 | 1% |
| Cylinder test | 5 | 1% |
| Catalepsy bar test | 5 | 1% |
| Gait analysis | 5 | 1% |
| Pole test | 5 | 1% |
| Three-chamber sociability test | 5 | 1% |
| Light-dark box | 4 | 1% |
| Hargreaves plantar test | 4 | 1% |
| Novelty-suppressed feeding | 4 | 1% |
| Prepulse inhibition and acoustic startle | 3 | under 1% |
| Active avoidance (shuttle box) | 3 | under 1% |
| Negative geotaxis and climbing assays | 3 | under 1% |
| Paw pressure test | 3 | under 1% |
| Elevated zero maze | 3 | under 1% |
| Self-administration | 3 | under 1% |
| Grip strength | 3 | under 1% |
| Novel tank test | 3 | under 1% |
| Wire hang and inverted grid | 3 | under 1% |
| Five-choice serial reaction time task | 2 | under 1% |
| Hole-board | 2 | under 1% |
| Social interaction test | 2 | under 1% |
| Self-grooming | 2 | under 1% |
| Radial arm water maze | 2 | under 1% |
| Adhesive removal test | 2 | under 1% |
| Writhing test | 2 | under 1% |
| Touchscreen operant tasks | 1 | under 1% |
| Rotational behavior (rotometer) | 1 | under 1% |
| Ladder rung walking | 1 | under 1% |
| Cold plate | 1 | under 1% |
| Attentional set shifting | 1 | under 1% |
| Wheel running | 1 | under 1% |
| Acetone test | 1 | under 1% |
| Learned helplessness | 1 | under 1% |
| Resident-intruder test | 1 | under 1% |
| Looming stimulus | 1 | under 1% |
| Hebb-Williams maze | 1 | under 1% |
| Corner test | 1 | under 1% |
| Olfactory tests | 1 | under 1% |
| Water Y-maze | 1 | under 1% |
Tests named in 30 or more of these papers link to a page on that test with ICV injection. To count the papers that mention two or more tests together, use the test battery tool.
Papers by year
Animal research papers that mention ICV injection and a behavioral test, by year, 2001 to 2026
The 2026 bar counts papers added to PubMed by November 8, 2026.
- Papers in a full year
- 2026 so far
Show the counts for each year
| Year | Papers |
|---|---|
| 2001 | 110 |
| 2002 | 106 |
| 2003 | 122 |
| 2004 | 120 |
| 2005 | 110 |
| 2006 | 129 |
| 2007 | 111 |
| 2008 | 126 |
| 2009 | 131 |
| 2010 | 127 |
| 2011 | 121 |
| 2012 | 154 |
| 2013 | 193 |
| 2014 | 138 |
| 2015 | 147 |
| 2016 | 146 |
| 2017 | 170 |
| 2018 | 153 |
| 2019 | 160 |
| 2020 | 157 |
| 2021 | 160 |
| 2022 | 147 |
| 2023 | 115 |
| 2024 | 138 |
| 2025 | 146 |
| 2026 (part year) | 107 |
Papers that mention ICV injection and a test fell from 160 in 2021 to 115 in 2023, then rose to 146 in 2025. Part of this dip may come from PubMed's indexing rather than from fewer studies. We take a paper's species from PubMed's indexing when the indexing names one. Otherwise PubTator 3, NCBI's text-mining service, has to find a species in the title or abstract, or the paper is not counted. Papers that PubMed indexed under the subject heading Animals also fell and rose, from 200,221 in 2021 to 156,447 in 2023 and 235,479 in 2025.
Disease models in papers that mention ICV injection
Each bar is one disease model, with how many of the 706 papers from 2021 to 2025 are tagged with it, and what share that is. The model comes from the paper's MeSH terms, the subject headings the National Library of Medicine adds when it indexes a paper. A paper without MeSH terms gets its model from PubTator 3, NCBI's text-mining service, if PubTator 3 finds the disease in the title or abstract. A paper can count under more than one model.
Papers from 2021 to 2025 by disease model
Which species the papers used
Each bar is a share of the 706 papers from 2021 to 2025. A paper can use more than one species, so the shares can add to more than 100%.
Species
“Other animals” counts papers that use none of the species this chart names.
NIH funding
40 of the 706 papers (6%) had NIH funding. NINDS, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, funded the most, 13 of them. A paper counts as NIH-funded when its PubMed record lists an NIH grant, or when NIH RePORTER links it to an NIH project.
NIH-funded papers by institute
Each share is of the NIH-funded papers. A paper with grants from two institutes counts under both.
The most cited papers from 2021 to 2025
These papers from 2021 to 2025 mention ICV injection and a behavioral test and have the most citations, as counted by NIH's iCite on November 5, 2026.
J Neuroinflammation, 2022. 271 citations.
Brain Behav Immun, 2021. 216 citations.
CNS Neurosci Ther, 2022. 118 citations.
TAK1 mediates neuronal pyroptosis in early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage.
J Neuroinflammation, 2021. 116 citations.
Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2022. 83 citations.
How we counted
A paper counts here when it is animal research and its title or abstract mentions ICV injection and at least one of the 90 behavioral tests. A count is a number of papers, not of experiments, labs or animals. A paper that mentions ICV injection only in its methods is missed, so the count runs low.
A paper is animal research when its MeSH terms name an animal species. If they name none, NCBI's text-mining service PubTator 3 has to find one in the title or abstract. Papers on animals other than mice, rats, zebrafish, flies and primates count only when they also mention a test. Many of them study people or use the same words for something else.
The search terms for ICV injection are in the download Animal models and brain techniques. The counts in the chart of tests are in Tests mentioned with each model or technique. The full method, with each source and its terms of use, is on our main page, Behavioral tests in published research.
More brain techniques
Each brain technique with 100 or more papers from 2021 to 2025 that mention a test has a page. These are the others, each with that count.
How to cite
APA
ConductScience. (2026, November 13). Behavioral tests with ICV injection [Data set]. https://conductscience.com/resources/data/brain-techniques/icv-injection
BibTeX
@misc{conductscience_icv_injection_2026,
author = {{ConductScience}},
title = {Behavioral tests with ICV injection},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
url = {https://conductscience.com/resources/data/brain-techniques/icv-injection},
note = {Data set, released November 13, 2026},
}Equipment in our store
For studies with ICV injection, our store sells:
Apparatus for the tests
Our store sells apparatus for all the 10 tests these papers mention most.
