Circular platform apparatus for hippocampal-dependent spatial reference memory assessment in mice and rats, utilizing natural aversion to open spaces and distal visual cues for navigation learning.
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Scientist guidance
Louise Corscadden, PhD
Director of Science · ConductScience
Ask Louise about Barnes Maze fit, setup, configuration, or quote prep.
The Barnes Maze is a circular platform behavioral apparatus designed for assessment of hippocampal-dependent spatial reference memory in rodents. The task exploits rodents' natural aversion to open, brightly lit spaces, motivating subjects to locate and enter a target escape hole using distal visual cues. Unlike water-based spatial memory tests, the Barnes Maze provides a dry testing environment that eliminates potential confounds from swimming stress or thermoregulatory demands.
Available in species-specific configurations for mice (92cm diameter, 5cm holes) and rats (122cm diameter, 10cm holes), the apparatus features 20 evenly distributed holes around the perimeter, with only one providing access to the escape chamber. The thick acrylic construction with matted finish eliminates visual cues from the maze surface itself, ensuring subjects rely on distal environmental landmarks for navigation. The removable top design and rotating capability allow for flexible experimental protocols and easy cleaning between subjects.
How It Works
The Barnes Maze operates on the principle of aversive motivation combined with hippocampal-dependent spatial memory. Rodents possess an innate aversion to open, brightly lit environments, creating natural motivation to escape the exposed platform surface. The apparatus exploits this ethological tendency by providing a single escape route among multiple false holes, requiring subjects to form a spatial map using distal visual cues in the testing environment.
During testing, subjects are placed in the center of the circular platform and must locate the target hole among 19 false holes. Successful task completion requires encoding the spatial relationship between the target location and external landmarks visible from the maze surface. The thick acrylic construction with matted finish eliminates local visual cues from the maze itself, ensuring navigation depends on distal environmental features processed by the hippocampus.
Learning is assessed through multiple measures including latency to locate the target hole, path length, search strategy employed, and errors made. The protocol typically involves training trials over several days followed by probe trials with the escape hole blocked to assess memory retention and spatial precision.
Features & Benefits
Species-specific sizing (92cm mouse, 122cm rat)
Optimized platform dimensions and hole sizes ensure appropriate spatial scale for reliable hippocampal-dependent memory assessment in each species
Removable top design with rotation capability
Enables flexible experimental protocols, easy cleaning between subjects, and randomization of start positions to prevent procedural learning
Thick acrylic construction with matted finish
Eliminates visual cues from the maze surface itself while providing durable, easy-to-clean testing platform that withstands repeated use
Black escape chamber with clear nest holder
Provides appealing dark refuge that motivates escape behavior while allowing visual confirmation of subject entry
20 evenly distributed holes per platform
Creates sufficient spatial complexity to challenge memory systems while maintaining standardized difficulty across studies
Adjustable stand height (95cm standard)
Elevates maze to exploit natural ground aversion while allowing height customization for different testing requirements
Optional false floor modification
Enables additional protocol variations and prevents subjects from using olfactory cues beneath the platform
Multiple color options (white, grey, clear, blue)
Allows selection of optimal contrast conditions for video tracking and accommodation of different lighting environments
Add-ons and modifications
Add-on
Price
Details
Extra Nest box
$100
An extra nest box for easy switch and cleaning, minimizing delay between experiments
Barnes Maze False Floor
$650 to $850
Used to prevent falling into non-target holes. Rotates underneath the Barnes Maze. Mouse model: $650. Rat model: $850.
Optogenetics Modification
$200
Optogenetics modification gives half holes and a step wise shortened target box to minimize teather interaction
Optogenetics Modification Type 2
$350
Optogenetics modification version two gives modified target holes of 3/4 size as well as a gradient entrance to the target box. This box allows for more gradual
Target Floor Insert
$650
False floor blocks all the holes except one. The black rectangular insert is to block the target box, leaving no holes open
Add any of these to your quote request.
Sizes by model
Measurement
Mouse
Rat
Diameter
92 cm
122 cm
Hole diameter
5 cm
10 cm
Stand height
95 cm
95 cm
Notes
20 holes
Removable Top
Matted finish
Mouse: Black Nesting Chamber w clear nest holder included: 20cm x 11.5cm x 4cm (L x W x H)
Rat: Black Nesting Chamber w clear nest holder included: 22.5cm x 14cm x 9cm (L x W x H)
Shipping weight
14.3 lb
Shipping box
L: 110.5 cm
W: 78.7 cm
H: 10.1 cm
Research record
Use these values in methods sections and data records.
Behavioral test
Barnes mazeMMO:0000608
Species
MouseNCBITaxon:10090
RatNCBITaxon:10116
Used to study
Spatial learningNBO:0000175
Spatial memoryNBO:0000556
Outcome measures
Primary latency (s)CMO:0002733
Total latency (s)no ID
Primary errors (count)no ID
Path length (cm)CMO:0003839
Search strategy (direct, serial or random)no ID
Time in target zone during probe trial (% of trial)no ID
Scoring methods
Video tracking softwareMMO:0000760
Manual scoring from videoMMO:0000401
Live manual scoringno ID
These IDs come from the Measurement Method Ontology (MMO), NCBI Taxonomy, the Neuro Behavior Ontology (NBO) and the Clinical Measurement Ontology (CMO).
Some models offer fewer holes or non-optimized hole sizes
Provides appropriate spatial complexity while maintaining species-appropriate accessibility
Rotation and Customization
Entire top and escape box rotate for experimental flexibility
Fixed designs without rotation capability
Enables reversal learning protocols and prevents development of procedural response strategies
Escape Chamber Design
Black chamber with clear nest holder for visual confirmation
Basic escape boxes without visualization features
Allows researchers to confirm subject entry while maintaining dark refuge appeal
Platform Modifications
Optional false floor modification available
Limited modification options in standard models
Prevents use of olfactory cues beneath platform for more rigorous spatial memory assessment
Color Options
Available in white, grey, clear, or blue
Limited color selection in many models
Enables optimization of contrast conditions for different lighting environments and tracking systems
This Barnes Maze provides comprehensive features for rigorous spatial memory assessment including species-optimized sizing, rotation capability for protocol flexibility, and material construction designed to eliminate unwanted visual cues. The design supports both standard spatial reference memory testing and advanced protocols requiring apparatus modifications.
Model
Size
SKU
Listed price
Status
Shipping box
Mouse
Diameter 92 cm · Hole diameter 5 cm · Stand height 95 cm
3601-01-CLEAR (+4)
$2,490.00
Available
110.5 × 78.7 × 10.1 cm
Rat
Diameter 122 cm · Hole diameter 10 cm · Stand height 95 cm
3601-02-CLEAR (+4)
$2,690.00
Available
110.5 × 78.7 × 10.1 cm
Neuroscience
Assessment of hippocampal function and spatial reference memory formation in studies of cognitive development, aging, and neurodegeneration.
Behavioral Pharmacology
Evaluation of drug effects on spatial learning and memory consolidation, including cognitive enhancers and memory-impairing compounds.
Learning and Memory
Investigation of place learning mechanisms and spatial memory encoding using hippocampal-dependent navigation paradigms.
Neurodegeneration
Characterization of spatial memory deficits in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and other neurodegenerative conditions.
Aging Research
Documentation of age-related decline in spatial cognitive function and evaluation of interventions to preserve memory performance.
Anxiety and Depression
Assessment of cognitive symptoms in anxiety and depression models, as stress and mood disorders can impair hippocampal-dependent memory.
Practical Tips
Best Practices
Maintain consistent distal visual cues in the testing room throughout experiments and avoid moving or changing prominent environmental landmarks.
Why: Spatial memory performance depends on stable environmental reference points for accurate hippocampal mapping.
Maintenance
Clean platform surface with ethanol or appropriate disinfectant between subjects and allow complete drying before next trial.
Why: Eliminates olfactory cues that could guide subjects independently of spatial memory systems.
Calibration
Verify hole alignment and escape chamber positioning before each testing session using a measurement guide.
Why: Ensures consistent spatial relationships and prevents apparatus-related variability in performance measures.
Data Quality
Record ambient lighting conditions and maintain consistent illumination levels across all testing sessions.
Why: Lighting variations can affect escape motivation and visual cue detection, influencing performance reliability.
Troubleshooting
If subjects show reduced escape motivation, increase overhead lighting intensity or reduce environmental noise levels.
Why: Optimal aversive conditions are necessary to maintain motivation for spatial learning and memory expression.
Best Practices
Rotate the maze platform periodically while keeping the escape hole in the same spatial location relative to room cues.
Why: Prevents subjects from using local platform features or odor trails instead of spatial memory for navigation.
Safety
Ensure platform edges are smooth and stand stability is verified before placing subjects on the apparatus.
Why: Prevents injury from falls or sharp edges while maintaining appropriate height for escape motivation.
Setup Guide
Unpack and Inspect Components
Remove the circular platform, stand, escape chamber, and clear nest holder from packaging and verify all components are present and undamaged.
Assemble Platform and Stand
Mount the circular platform onto the adjustable stand at the desired height (typically 95cm) ensuring the surface is level and stable.
Position Escape Chamber
Install the black nesting chamber with clear nest holder beneath the designated target hole location on the platform underside.
Configure Testing Environment
Position the maze in a room with consistent distal visual cues and uniform lighting conditions overhead to provide motivation for escape behavior.
Establish Video Recording Setup
Mount camera system overhead to capture the entire maze surface for automated or manual tracking of subject movement patterns.
Clean and Prepare Surface
Clean the platform surface with appropriate disinfectant and allow to dry completely, ensuring no residual odor cues remain between subjects.
Validate Hole Configuration
Confirm all false holes are properly sealed and only the target hole provides access to the escape chamber.
What’s in the Box
Circular platform (species-appropriate diameter)
Adjustable stand with mounting hardware
Black escape chamber
Clear nest holder
Installation and operation manual
Cleaning and maintenance guidelines (typical)
Warranty
ConductScience provides a standard one-year manufacturer warranty covering defects in materials and workmanship, with technical support available for setup and protocol optimization.
Compliance
ARRIVE GuidelinesSupports standardized behavioral testing protocols recommended for transparent reporting of animal research methodologies
Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory AnimalsDesign accommodates principles of refinement by providing less stressful alternative to water-based spatial memory assessments
References
Background reading relevant to this product:
1.Kinga Gaweł et al. (2018) “Assessment of spatial learning and memory in the Barnes maze task in rodents—methodological consideration” Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacologydoi:10.1007/s00210-018-1589-y
2.Matthew W. Pitts (2018) “Barnes Maze Procedure for Spatial Learning and Memory in Mice” BIO-PROTOCOLdoi:10.21769/bioprotoc.2744
3.Charles V. Vorhees et al. (2006) “Morris water maze: procedures for assessing spatial and related forms of learning and memory” Nature Protocolsdoi:10.1038/nprot.2006.116
4.Rudi D'Hooge et al. (2001) “Applications of the Morris water maze in the study of learning and memory” Brain Research Reviewsdoi:10.1016/s0165-0173(01)00067-4
The Barnes Maze is a dry-land spatial memory test for rodents. Animals navigate a circular platform with holes around the perimeter to find a single escape box, using spatial cues for orientation.
Q
How does the Barnes Maze work?
A
Rodents are placed on a brightly lit circular platform with multiple holes. Only one hole leads to an escape box. Aversive stimuli (bright light, buzzer) motivate the animal to find the target hole. Latency, errors, and search strategy are measured.
Q
What research applications use the Barnes Maze?
A
The Barnes Maze is preferred when swim-stress confounds must be avoided. It is used in aging research, traumatic brain injury studies, and Alzheimer's disease models, offering a less stressful alternative to the Morris Water Maze.
Have a question about this product?
Each paper below used this product. Under each title is the paper’s own sentence naming the equipment it used.
Samantha Eccles, Hannah K Vanyai, Maria I Bergamasco et al. · Life Science Alliance · 2026
From the methods
...to seek and enter a target hole. The operator was located behind a curtain. The Barnes maze (MazeEngineers) was comprised of a white circular platform 92 cm in diameter and 95 cm high with 20 circular...
O. Revka, S. J. Belculfine, L. Fitts et al. · Alcohol, Clinical and Experimental Research · 2026
From the methods
Barnes maze apparatus consisted of a circular gray platform (92 cm in diameter) with 20 evenly spaced holes (5 cm in diameter) along the perimeter, mounted on the round table 68.5 cm above the ground (Maze Engineers, Old Orchard Towers, IL).
Janel E. Le Belle, Michelle Zhong, Carmel Al-Sheikh et al. · Frontiers in Neurology · 2026
From the methods
These tests were conducted on a 40-hole table (Maze Engineers) that is 122 cm diameter circular light gray platform with 5 cm diameter holes, a single dark escape tunnel, and two wall-mounted spatial cues.
Keying Chen, Emma Pineau, Margaret Koletar et al. · Alzheimer's & Dementia · 2026
From the methods
Barnes Maze (Maze Engineers, Boston, MA) testing was conducted in a behavioral suite equipped with spatial cues, using an aversive light in all trials except during training (Figure 1B).
Ying-Ying Huang, Li-Hong Gui, Wen-Xi Yu et al. · International Journal of Nanomedicine · 2026
From the methods
In a variation of the earlier Barnes maze setup, a customized apparatus featured a circular platform 92 cm in width, elevated and made of PVC (Maze Engineers, Skokie, IL, USA).
David J. McFall, Abbas I. Hussain, Michelle Cho et al. · Epilepsia · 2026
From the methods
Animals were tested using a mouse Barnes maze (BM) (92 cm diameter with 20, 5 cm diameter holes, evenly spaced along the perimeter of the maze; Maze Engineers).
Barnes maze (Maze Engineers, Boston, MA, USA) testing was conducted in a behavioral suite equipped with spatial cues and an aversive light source, except training trials.
Christopher Daniel Morrone, Arielle A Tsang, W Haung Yu · Molecular Neurodegeneration · 2025
From the methods
...a circular field was utilized with 20 holes (1 escape box) along the outside (92 cm diameter, Maze Engineers), and an overhead camera acquired trials in EthoVision XT (Noldus) software.
Lisa Blackmer-Raynolds, Lyndsey D Lipson, Isabel Fraccaroli et al. · Scientific Reports · 2025
From the methods
...assess spatial learning and memory. Testing occurred on a 92 cm diameter, 20 hole, Barnes maze (MazeEngineers) over a 6-day period, with one habituation trial, five 3-minute training trials, and a 72-hour...
Sophia Noel, Ryan LaFrancois, Marilyn E Scott · Parasitology · 2024
From the methods
As previously described (Noel et al., 2022), the Barnes Maze (Maze engineers, 412 Wilmette Ave, Glenview, IL 60025, USA) is an opaque circular platform (diameter: 92 cm, height: 70 cm) with 20 equally spaced holes (diameter: 5 cm) located 2 cm from the edge.
Olga Taraschenko, Howard S. Fox, Priscilla Heliso et al. · Experimental Neurology · 2024
From the methods
In a modification of the previously described Barnes maze paradigm (Attar et al., 2013), the apparatus was comprised of a circular platform with 20 holes of 4.45 cm in diameter positioned 2.54 cm from the edge of the 92 cm wide elevated PVC platform (Maze Engineers, Skokie, IL).
Tahiyana Khan, Abbas I Hussain, Timothy P Casilli et al. · Aging Cell · 2024
From the methods
...maze consists of an elevated circular platform (92 cm) with 20 holes (5 cm) around the perimeter (Maze Engineers). The target hole consisted of an escape box, and the remaining holes had a false floor.
Connor C. Gee, Rylie Steffen, Forrest M. Kievit · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · 2023
From the methods
Both BM protocols utilized a 93 cm diameter blue platform obtained from Maze Engineers (Skokie, IL, USA) with 20 holes equally spaced around the outside of the platform.
Kristen R. Hollinger, Anjali Sharma, Carolyn Tallon et al. · Nanotheranostics · 2022
From the methods
...approximately 5 weeks post-immunization. Briefly, mice were placed in the center of the maze (Maze Engineers, Glenview, IL) and trained to find a hidden target platform for 2 trials per day over 4...
Christopher Daniel Morrone, Aaron Yenhsin Lai, Jossana Bishay et al. · Translational Neurodegeneration · 2022
From the methods
All rats were naïve to behavioral assessment. Barnes maze (Maze Engineers, Boston, MA) testing was conducted in a behavioral suite with spatial cues, with an aversive...
Kisha Greer, Erwin Kristobal Gudenschwager Basso, Colin Kelly et al. · Scientific Reports · 2020
From the methods
...for learning and memory utilizing the Barnes Maze (92 cm diameter, 20 holes, 5 cm holes) (Maze Engineers, Boston, MA USA) and the Ethovision XT software (Noldus, Leesburg, VA USA) at the same time each...
Mice were evaluated for learning and memory utilizing the Barnes Maze (Maze Engineers, Boston, MA USA) and the Ethovision XT software (Noldus, Leesburg, VA USA).
Alicia Meconi, Ryan C. Wortman, David K. Wright et al. · PLOS ONE · 2018
From the methods
The Barnes maze was used to assess spatial memory after injury. The Barnes maze (Maze Engineers, Cambridge, MA) is an elevated circular platform (122 cm diameter) with 20 holes (10cm diameter)...
The same license also scores standard tests such as the open field, the elevated plus maze, the Y-maze and the Morris water maze. Results export as CSV files.
CACarol A. BarnesDeveloped the Barnes maze (1979)University of Arizona (work begun at University of Colorado Boulder)
About the Creator
Carol A. Barnes is a neuroscientist whose early work at the University of Colorado Boulder produced the Barnes maze, introduced in a single-authored 1979 paper. The task — a brightly lit circular platform with peripheral escape holes — exploits a rodent’s aversion to open, exposed spaces to measure spatial memory from extramaze cues, offering a lower-stress alternative to the water maze of the same era. Her 1979 study paired the maze with chronic hippocampal recording, reporting an early link between long-term potentiation and spatial memory in aged rats. Barnes spent most of her career at the University of Arizona, where she became a leading authority on hippocampal neurophysiology and cognitive aging.
To view Carol A. Barnes’s publications, visit PubMed.
Are you Carol A. Barnes? to review your photo and bio, and find out how to submit Creator Insights.
ConductScience celebrates method creators: researchers who, through rigorous and often ingenious experiments, develop the tools that reveal how the brain and body work. These are real scientific discoveries that become everyday instruments for the labs that follow.
Foundational paper
Barnes, C. A. (1979). Memory deficits associated with senescence: a neurophysiological and behavioral study in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 93(1), 74–104. doi:10.1037/h0077579
Use these notes to scope species, cohort, tracking, and automation needs. Only verified product or support routes are linked from this section.
This product
Mouse Barnes Maze
$2,490.00
This product
Rat Barnes Maze
$2,690.00
§ 1
Introduction
The Barnes Maze is a dry-land spatial learning task in which rodents learn the location of an escape box under one target hole on a circular platform. Barnes introduced the task to study age-related memory deficits while avoiding the swimming stress of water-maze testing. 1
The assay is commonly used when researchers want hippocampal-dependent spatial learning with lower hypothermia and swim-demand confounds than MWM. Acquisition measures learning across sessions, while probe trials test search bias after the escape box is removed or blocked. 1
Barnes Maze interpretation depends on search strategy. Serial hole checking can reduce latency without precise spatial memory, so primary errors, target-zone time, and strategy classification should be reported with escape latency. 1
§ 2
Methods
2.1 Procedure
Dry-land spatial acquisition with probe and optional reversal testing.
Pre-test setup
1.Cue placement: Place stable distal cues around the room and keep platform orientation fixed across trials.
2.Escape box: Attach the escape box under the target hole. Confirm non-target holes are blocked or have false bottoms as protocol requires.
3.Aversive motivation: Set bright light or mild auditory stimulus consistently and within approved welfare limits.
4.Tracking zones: Define each hole, target zone, quadrants, and platform perimeter before acquisition.
Trial sequence
1.Start trial: Place the animal in the center start cylinder, then lift the cylinder to begin search.
2.Find target: Allow the animal to locate and enter the escape box. Score maximum latency if it fails within the cutoff.1
3.Escape dwell: Allow a short dwell period in the escape box to reinforce target location.
4.Clean platform: Clean the platform and false holes between subjects to reduce odor trails.
5.Probe trial: Remove or block the escape box and record target-zone search bias.
Critical methodological constraints
Search strategy. Latency alone is insufficient. Classify direct, serial, and random search strategies when possible.3
Aversive cue level. Light and sound intensity affect motivation and stress. Report settings and keep them consistent.
Odor trails. Incomplete cleaning can create non-spatial guidance to the target hole.
Platform edge behavior. Jumping, freezing, or edge clinging can bias latency and should be logged separately.
2.2 Measurement & Analysis
Core Barnes Maze metrics ConductVision scores from platform trajectories and hole investigation.
Primary Latency
First target contact
Time to first investigate the target hole. Less affected by post-target wandering than total latency.2
Primary Errors
Spatial accuracy
Number of non-target holes investigated before the first target investigation.
Target-Zone Time
Probe memory
Time near the target hole during a probe trial after escape access is removed.
Search Strategy
Cognitive strategy
Direct, serial, and random strategies separate spatial search from procedural scanning.3
Path Length
Efficiency
Distance traveled before target hole investigation or escape-box entry.
+ Additional metrics: total errors, target crossings, quadrant occupancy, speed, immobility, hole-poke sequence, and reversal errors.
2.3 target search accuracy (analysis)
Target investigations divided by total hole investigations during a probe or fixed search interval.
Formula: target-hole visits / (target-hole visits + non-target-hole visits) x 100. Interpret with primary latency and strategy classification. 1
§ 3
Results
3.1 Sample apparatus output
Representative acquisition and probe output from a Barnes Maze study.
Table 1 · Per-animal Barnes Maze scoring output
Animal
Group
Primary latency (s)
Primary errors
Target visits
Accuracy (%)
BM-001
Control
18
2
7
43.8%
BM-002
Control
21
3
6
40.0%
BM-003
Control
16
2
8
47.1%
BM-004
Impaired
44
8
3
18.8%
BM-005
Impaired
51
10
2
12.5%
BM-006
Impaired
47
9
3
17.6%
Synthetic example for illustration only. Primary errors and strategy calls should be defined before data collection.
§ 4
Discussion
Limitations of the paradigm, methodological caveats, and current directions.
4.1 Common confounds
Variables that can shift Barnes Maze results apart from the effect under study.
Serial strategy
Animals can improve by checking adjacent holes serially rather than using distal spatial cues.3
Motivation level
Too little aversive motivation produces freezing; too much produces stress and escape behavior.
Odor guidance
Odor trails around the target hole can create non-spatial performance.
Visual cue salience
Weak or moved room cues reduce spatial learning and increase random search.
Motor impairment
Motor deficits can raise latency, so errors and search pattern should be interpreted with movement measures.
4.2 Construct validity caveats
Barnes Maze reduces swim-related confounds compared with MWM, but it is still motivation-dependent. 1 Search strategy, primary errors, and target-zone bias are needed to separate spatial memory from serial scanning or reduced movement. 2
4.3 Special considerations
How does Barnes compare with MWM?
Barnes avoids swimming and hypothermia concerns, while MWM often has stronger aversive motivation and a longer historical baseline. Use Barnes for frail, aged, injured, or longitudinal cohorts when dry-land testing is preferable. 1
Should I report primary or total errors?
Report both when possible. Primary errors reflect search before first target contact, while total errors include post-target wandering and may capture persistence or confusion.
Can Barnes Maze be repeated?
Yes, especially with reversal or shifted target locations, but prior learning and search strategy history must be modeled explicitly.
4.4 Current directions
Quarterly editorial review of emerging Barnes Maze methodology. Q2 2026
Emerging
Strategy-aware scoring
Automated direct, serial, and random strategy classifiers are becoming routine in Barnes analyses.
Methods
Probe-trial precision
Target-zone time and primary target visits are increasingly preferred over latency-only summaries.
Emerging
Aged and frail cohorts
Dry-land spatial testing is expanding in aging, stroke, and neurodegeneration studies where swimming is a confound.
Methods
Reversal learning
Target relocation is used to test cognitive flexibility after acquisition has stabilized.
§ 5
Background references
10 selected methods and validation studies of the Barnes Maze, from any lab.
Barnes CA. Memory deficits associated with senescence: a neurophysiological and behavioral study in the rat. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1979;93(1):74-104.Find source
Harrison FE, Hosseini AH, McDonald MP. Endogenous anxiety and stress responses in water maze and Barnes maze spatial memory tasks. Behav Brain Res. 2009;198(1):247-251.Find source
Illouz T, Madar R, Clague C, Griffioen KJ, Louzoun Y, Okun E. Unbiased classification of spatial strategies in the Barnes maze. Bioinformatics. 2016;32(21):3314-3320.Find source
Rosenfeld CS, Ferguson SA. Barnes maze testing strategies with small and large rodent models. J Vis Exp. 2014;(84):e51194.Find source
Pompl PN, Mullan MJ, Bjugstad K, Arendash GW. Adaptation of the circular platform spatial memory task for mice: use in detecting cognitive impairment in the APP(SW) transgenic mouse model for Alzheimer disease. J Neurosci Methods. 1999;87(1):87-95.Find source
O'Leary TP, Brown RE. Optimization of apparatus design and behavioral measures for the assessment of visuo-spatial learning and memory of mice on the Barnes maze. Learn Mem. 2013;20(2):85-96.Find source
Patil SS, Sunyer B, Hoger H, Lubec G. Evaluation of spatial memory of C57BL/6J and CD1 mice in the Barnes maze, the multiple T-maze and in the Morris water maze. Behav Brain Res. 2009;198(1):58-68.Find source
Sunyer B, Patil S, Hoger H, Lubec G. Barnes maze, a useful task to assess spatial reference memory in the mice. Nat Protoc Exchange. 2007.Find source
Pitts MW. Barnes maze procedure for spatial learning and memory in mice. Bio Protoc. 2018;8(5):e2744.Find source
Gawel K, Gibula E, Marszalek-Grabska M, Filarowska J, Kotlinska JH. Assessment of spatial learning and memory in the Barnes maze task in rodents: methodological considerations. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2019;392(1):1-18.Find source
