Recombinant DNA technology (Inserting foreign DNA in the host organism)
Introduction and History Recombinant DNA molecules are developed in the laboratory by bringing together genetic materials from multiple organisms to produce new genetic combinations that are not previously found in biological organisms. These new combinations are made to benefit science, medicine, agriculture, and industry (Khan, S et al., 2016). Stanford researcher Paul Berg, 1972, ligated […]
Probability and Statistics
The skilled instrumentation of probability and statistics empowers aspiring data scientists to fine-tune their data mining and processing techniques to draw applicable data from the vast amount of raw data, develop analytic models, and so on.Ā More importantly, understanding probability and statistics is as critical as learning programming because these elements make up the foundation […]
Clinical Cytogenetics – Pt.2: A Study of Chromosomal Aberrations
Ā Introduction Since the discovery of chromosomes, the cytogenetic field has evolved rapidly. The techniques have unfolded several hidden mysteries of chromosomes. And later, it gave rise to two branches: molecular and clinical cytogenetics. The studies in clinical cytogenetics suggested that the structural and numerical aberrations of chromosomes (autosomal and sex) are the cause of […]
Clinical Cytogenetics – Pt.1: A study of chromosomal aberrations
As we know, cytogenetics is the study of chromosomal structure and behavior by using different staining techniques. In the year 1962, Lejeune proved Waardenburgās hypothesis (the cause of Down syndrome could be a chromosomal aberration) by reporting the first case of syndrome due to chromosomal aberrations. It was a major breakthrough in cytogenetics research.[2] With […]
Classical Histology: Concepts, Methods, and Applications
As an Amazon Associate, ConductScience Inc. earns revenue from qualifying purchases Introduction Histology is a routine lab technique used to evaluate the morphology and structure of cells, tissues, and organs under the microscope. Histological studies of biological samples often lead to the establishment of structure/function relationships, which may have diagnostic and prognostic value in the […]
Cytogenetics: An advanced technique to color Chromosomes
As an Amazon Associate, ConductScience Inc. earns revenue from qualifying purchases Introduction Cytogenetics is the study of the structural and functional properties of the chromosome. It includes chromosomal structure, function, behavior – during mitosis and meiosis, and influence on the phenotype of an organism. It is used as a tool to understand genetic phenomena due […]
Molecular Cytogenetics: in situ hybridization-based technology
Introduction Cytogenetics was introduced in 1900 as a tool to determine the correct number of chromosomes of an organism. Since the 1970s, it has been used to detect clinical syndromes; it helped to understand the chromosomal aberrations and phenotypes associated with it. Karyotyping was the first cytogenetics tool used to study the characteristics of chromosomes. […]
Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy
The information about the structure, interactions, and dynamics of biomolecules (protein, DNA, and RNA) is essential for understanding cellular processes. This knowledge is deconvolved by scientists and used in elucidating cellular mechanisms for finding cures for human diseases. The pharmaceutical industry, for example, uses this structural information to improve on the already discovered drugs or […]
Histochemical Techniques to Demonstrate Minor Compounds
Ā As an Amazon Associate, ConductScience Inc. earns revenue from qualifying purchases Ā Introduction Minor compounds, also known as āMinerals or Micronutrientsā, are required by living organisms, in a small amount, for their growth and development. Depending on the concentration, that is required to perform a function in an organism, minerals are categorized into two […]