Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common neurological disorder that is characterized by debilitating motor abnormalities, including muscle rigidity, resting tumor, stiffer voluntary movements, and postural instability. Primary neuropathological condition of PD includes progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal area. Experimental models of PD are specifically designed…

The use of animal models for studying traumatic brain injury (TBI) has several advantages, including low breeding cost, easy maintenance, and innovative techniques to create genetically modified strains. Rodent models provide powerful tools to screen and characterize putative therapeutic targets in TBI. These models efficiently recapitulate several clinical features of…

A craniotomy is a surgical procedure used to temporarily open a part of the skull to expose the brain for experimental manipulations. Research developments over the past two decades have made craniotomy safer, simpler, and more successful. In craniotomy, a bone flap is removed from the skull to reach the…