Introduction
The Balloon Analog Risk Task, otherwise known as BART, is a computerized decision-making task that is used to assess risk-taking behavior. The BART simulates a real-world situation, involving actual risky behavior, where taking a risk up until a certain point yields a reward. However, if risky behavior is kept up, it results in poorer outcomes. The BART model works best when used with self-reported real-world risk behaviors related to health, safety, and addiction (Lejuez et al., 2002).
Risk-taking behaviors are consciously or unconsciously controlled behaviors that involve a certain degree of danger or harm while also presenting an opportunity to gain some sort of reward. In contemporary life, the risk seems inescapable and pervasive; hence, it is essential to study and measure risk-taking behavior.
The Balloon Analog Risk Task is performed on a computer, where the screen shows a simulation of a small balloon accompanied by a balloon pump. There is a ‘Collect Money’ tab, a permanent money-earned tab, and a tab showing money-earned on the last balloon. Due to its clear design, the Balloon Analog Risk Task requires minimal instructions, and its completion is straightforward.
Figure 1. Visual display of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task. ‘Pump up the balloon’ and ‘Collect £££’ are the two available response options. Visual feedback of ‘Balloon number’, ‘Potential earnings’, ‘Number of pumps’ and ‘Total winnings’ are displayed throughout each trial (Hall et al., 2023)
Methods
A computer is used to perform the Balloon Analog Risk Task. During the task, each participant is presented with 90 balloons of 3 different colors. The balloons appear one at a time. Participants are required to click a button labeled ‘Balloon Pump.’ Each click on the balloon pump will increase the size of the balloon and accumulate 5 cents per click in a temporary bank. The participants are not shown the amount being accumulated in their temporary bank. At any time, the participant can press another tab, labeled ‘Collect $,’ to transfer the collected money into a permanent bank.
If the participant wishes to continue pumping the balloon, they can do so, until eventually, the balloon explodes, resulting in the temporary funds resetting to zero and the next balloon showing up. However, if the participant collects the money before the balloon explodes, they can see the amount earned on that particular balloon via the tab labeled ‘Last Balloon.’ The money in the permanent bank will not be lost when a balloon explodes. At the end of the experiment, the participant can collect the reward accumulated in the permanent bank in the form of gift certificates.
Here’s a step by step guide:
Participants begin with an initial screen that explains the rules and objectives of the task. They are informed that their goal is to earn as much money as possible by inflating balloons without causing them to burst.
Each time a participant presses the button to inflate the balloon, the balloon grows larger, and a small monetary reward is added to a temporary account. The reward typically increases incrementally with each pump.
The probability of the balloon exploding increases with each pump. The exact risk is unknown to participants, but they are aware that the risk grows as the balloon becomes larger. If the balloon bursts, all earnings for that balloon are lost
Participants must decide at each step whether to continue inflating the balloon to earn more money or to stop and bank the money accumulated so far. If they choose to stop inflating, the money earned is added to their permanent total, and a new balloon appears on the screen.
The task consists of multiple balloons (e.g., 20-30 trials), allowing researchers to observe patterns in participants' risk-taking behavior across different trials.
Applications
The BART has been used in various fields of research, including psychology, behavioral economics, and neuroscience. It is particularly useful for studying individual differences in risk-taking behavior and has been applied to investigate:
- Personality Traits: Examining how traits like impulsivity, sensation-seeking, and self-control relate to risk-taking behavior.
- Substance Use: Exploring the relationship between substance use and risk-taking tendencies.
- Mental Health: Investigating how conditions such as anxiety, depression, and ADHD affect decision-making and risk-taking.
- Developmental Studies: Understanding how risk-taking behavior evolves across different age groups, from adolescence to adulthood.
Analog Risk Task to Assess Risky Behaviors that Influence Motor Vehicle Crash Injuries in Adolescents
Vaca et al. (2013) evaluated the influence of behaviors associated with the risk of vehicle crash injury. Adolescent patients, aged 14-18, were asked to participate in this trial using a modified version of the BART model (Lejuez et al., (2002). Instead of a monetary reward, the participants were allowed to accumulate points with each pump. There were a total of 20 trials for each participant. Results showed a positive correlation between self-report of risky driver behavior and risky behavior on the BART (i.e., a greater number of pumps).
Use of Balloon Analog Risk Task to Assess the Change in Risk-Taking Behavior through Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation
Transcranial alternating current stimulation is an approach used to stimulate the brain with biophysically relevant frequencies while performing a task; this method investigates the functional role of neural oscillations in cognitive tasks and ascertains the role of neuronal oscillatory activities in the human brain. Sela et al. (2012) aimed to evaluate the increase in risk-taking behavior using active alternating current stimulations during Balloon Analog Risk Task. In this experiment, a group of 27 healthy college students, all right-handed and between the ages of 18-30, were selected. Participants were randomly assigned to three different stimulation groups (left hemisphere stimulation, right hemisphere stimulation, and sham stimulation). There were a total of 30 BART trials for each participant. While there was no difference in the decision-making between the right hemisphere and sham stimulations, the participants who received left hemisphere stimulation displayed riskier decision-making while performing the BART.
Use of Balloon Analog Risk Task to Differentiate between Smokers and Non-smokers
Lejuez et al. (2003) aimed to study the difference between smokers and non-smokers using the Balloon Analog Risk Task. A total of sixty undergraduate students, between the ages of 18-30, were divided into two groups: smokers and non-smokers. The number of smokers was 26, both male and female, and the number of non-smokers was 34, also male and female. 30 trials were conducted for each participant. The results of this experiment indicated that BART was related to smoking status. Smokers scored higher on the Balloon Analog Risk Task than non-smokers (i.e., they displayed an increased level of risk-taking behavior).
Balloon Analog Risk Task to Assess the Different Effects of Stress on Risk-Taking Behavior in Males and Females
Lighthall et al. (2009) evaluated the effects of stress on risk-taking behavior in males and females. A sample of 48 participants (24 females and 24 males) was used in this experiment. The participants were asked to take a stress test by submerging their non-dominant hands in ice water for three minutes. Cortisol levels were recorded before and after the stress test by taking saliva samples. After a short break of 15 minutes, participants were asked to take the BART. Results analysis indicated that stress caused an increase in men’s risky behavior whereas a decrease in women’s risky behavior.
Use of Balloon Analog Risk Task to Compare Decision-Making in Patients with Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia versus Healthy Patients
Strenziok et al. (2011) aimed to study the difference in decision-making abilities of patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) against healthy patients. A sample of 27 patients with bvFTD and 19 healthy participants were chosen to complete the Balloon Analog Risk Task. A total of 30 trials were conducted per participant. The results indicated that patients with bvFTD did not maximize the rewards by learning and pumping the balloons to maximum capacity over the span of the trials whereas healthy participants learned from initial trials and received higher scores on the BART.
Use of Balloon Analog Risk Task to Assess Decision-Making in Acquired Brain Injury
Balaguero et al. (2014) evaluated the effects of acquired brain injury in the decision-making process using the Balloon Analog Risk Task. The BART was administered to 30 patients with acquired brain injury and 30 healthy participants. Results indicated that the control group of healthy patients made more pumps, resulting in a higher score on BART than the experimental acquired brain injury group.
Data Analysis
The primary measure in the BART is the average number of pumps per balloon before a participant chooses to stop or the balloon explodes. This average is used as an index of risk-taking behavior. Higher averages suggest greater risk-taking tendencies, while lower averages indicate more cautious behavior.
Other parameters that can be measured are:
- The total amount of earnings
- The number of exploded balloons
Cosmin
● Test-Retest Reliability
The test-retest reliability of the Balloon Analog Risk Task is adequate over two weeks, r = +.77 (White et al., 2014). Moreover, the 2-week test-retest scores from self-reported risk-taking proclivities range between +.73 to + .96 for self-reported gambling (Weinstock et al., 2004), +.61 to +.95 for self-reported smoking (Chor et al., 2003), and > +.7 for self-reported sedentary activity (Hardy et al., 2007).
● Construct Validity
The construct validity of the BART has been proven, and it has shown correlations with Anti-social Behavior factors (psychopathy) and self-reported impulsivity.
Strengths and Limitations
The Balloon Analog Risk Task measures the propensity of an individual to indulge in risky behavior to gain a potential reward. It is a computerized decision-making task that is easy to use. BART can be used to assess the influence of risky behaviors such as drug use, unprotected sex, and driving without wearing a seatbelt in adolescents. It has vast applications, and when combined with self-reports and other tests, such as the Sensation Seeking Scale (Zuckerman et al., 1978) and Eysenck Impulsiveness Scale (Eysenck et al., 1985), it becomes a reliable measure of risk-taking behavior.
Like any other experimental test, the Balloon Analog Risk Task has its limitations. The BART, on its own, cannot be a reliable measure of risk-taking behavior. Moreover, when participants know that risky behavior is being monitored, it is more likely they will behave cautiously when performing the BART, thus, decreasing the reliability of the data collected. At times, it is also difficult to obtain a demographically heterogeneous sample which limits the generalization of findings.
Summary and Key Points
- Risk-taking behavior is any consciously or unconsciously controlled behavior that involves a certain degree of danger or harm while also presenting an opportunity to gain some form of reward.
- The Balloon Analog Risk Task is a computerized decision-making task that is used to assess risk-taking behavior.
- The participants are asked to perform the BART in 90 trials with three different colored balloons that appear in random order.
- Data is collected for the propensity to take an increased risk in order to gain maximum reward.
The BART has several applications in the real world such as studying risky behavior across all genders and in drivers, patients with brain diseases as well as brain injuries.
References
- Hall, A., Weightman, M., Jenkinson, N., & MacDonald, H. J. (2023). Performance on the balloon analogue risk task and anticipatory response inhibition task is associated with severity of impulse control behaviours in people with Parkinson’s disease. Experimental brain research, 241(4), 1159–1172.
- Chor, D. Faerstein, E., Alves, M. G., & de Souza Lopes, C. (2003). How Reproducible is Self-Reported Information on Exposure to Smoking, Drinking, and Dietary Patterns? Evidence Among Brazilian Adults in the Pro-Saude Study. Sao Paulo Medical Journal, 121(2): 63-6.
- Hardly, L. L., Booth, M. L., & Okely, A. D. (2007). The Reliability of the Adolescent Sedentary Activity Questionnaire (ASAQ). Preventive Medicine, 45(1): 71-4.
- Lejuez, C. W., Read, J. P., Kahler, C. W., Richards, J. B., Ramsey, S. E., Stuart, G. L., Strong, D. R.,& Brown, R. A. (2002). Evaluation of a behavioral measure of risk taking: The Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 8(2), 75–84.
- Lejuez, C. W., Aklin, W. M., Jones, H. A., Richards, J. B., Strong, D. R., Kahler, C. W., & Read, J. P. (2003). The balloon analog risk task (BART) differentiates smokers and nonsmokers. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 11(1), 26–33.
- Lighthall, N. R., Mather, M., &Gorlick, M. A. (2009). Acute Stress Increases Sex Differences in Risk Seeking in the Balloon Analog Risk Task.PLoS One, 4 (7).
- Sela, T., Kilim, A., &Lavidor, M. (2012). Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation Increases Risk-Taking Behavior in the Balloon Analog Risk Task.Frontiers in Neuroscience, 6: 22.
- Strenziok, M., Pulaski, S., Krueger, F., Zamboni, G., Clawson, D., & Grafman, J. (2011). Regional Brain Atrophy and Impaired Decision Making on the Balloon Analog Risk Task in Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia.Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 24(2), 59–67.
- Vaca, F. E., Walthall, J. M., Ryan, S., Moriarty-Daley, A., Riera, A., Crowley, M. J., &Mayes, L. C. (2013). Adolescent balloon analog risk task and behaviors that influence risk of motor vehicle crash injury. Annuals of Advances in Automotive Medicine, 57: 77-88.
- Weinstock, J., Whelan, J. P, & Meyers, A. W. (2004). Behavioral Assessment of Gambling: An Application of the Timeline Followback Method. Psychological Assessment, 16(1): 72-80.
- White, T. L., Lejuez, C. W., & De Wit, H. (2008). Test-Retest Characteristics of the Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART). Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 16(6): 565-570.
- Zuckerman, M., Eysenck, S. B., & Eysenck, H. J. (1978). Sensation seeking in England and America: Cross-cultural, age, and sex comparisons. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46 (1): 139–149.
Let's work together!
Have questions? Ask anything!
