Browse every Science article from the ConductScience research team — experiments, protocols, and reviews from the lab.
Introduction Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, or STM, is a scanning probe technique. This means that the specimen is imaged by scanning a very sharp tip over its surface, while information about the shape or composition of the surface is collected based on interactions between the tip and the sample. This is unlike optical or electron microscopy, […]
Introduction The optical or light microscope is very well-suited for the imaging of biological specimens, for three main reasons: The resolution of the light microscope is close to or below the length scale of the structures of interest in biology. Microscopy does not require significant perturbation of the specimen. The versatility of the microscope allows […]
Introduction Electromyography (EMG) is a specialized diagnostic technique used to study the muscle function by analyzing the electrical signals emanating from the nerves and the muscles. EMG can distinguish the abnormal or diseased muscle from the normal muscle. The electromyography can detect muscular abnormalities such as fasciculation or chronic denervation in clinically normal muscle. […]
As an Amazon Associate Conductscience Inc earns revenue from qualifying purchases Introduction Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) is a cutting-edge optical technique that excites the fluorophores in a fragile axial region to visualize the cellular events occurring close to the cell surface. The evanescent field, a near-field wave which decays in intensity over a […]
As an Amazon Associate Conductscience Inc earns revenue from qualifying purchases Introduction The scanning electron microscope employs a focused beam of high-energy electrons to visualize the regions of interest on the surface of solid specimens. The signals from electron-sample interactions unveil the information about the sample such as its morphology, chemical composition, and crystalline structure […]
Introduction Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an imaging technique used for the examination of anatomical structures, biological functions, and body fluids. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses the body’s natural magnetic properties to yield detailed images from any part of the body. For imaging, the hydrogen nucleus (a single proton) is used as it is […]
Introduction Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) is a powerful physical phenomenon widely used in biomedical research and drug discovery. FRET technique involves the radiation-less transmission of energy from a fluorescent donor molecule to an acceptor molecule. The donor molecule is the chromophore or a dye that initially absorbs the energy, and the acceptor is the […]
As an Amazon Associate Conductscience Inc earns revenue from qualifying purchases Introduction Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) is an imaging technique for the investigation of molecular dynamics and cellular events within living cells. The FRAP elucidates the dynamics and kinetics of the protein-protein interaction and cellular signaling. In a FRAP experiment, the laser […]
As an Amazon Associate Conductscience Inc earns revenue from qualifying purchases Introduction An electron microscope is an imaging instrument that uses a beam of energetic electrons to observe objects on a very fine scale. Electron Microscopes were developed to overcome the limitations of light microscopes which can only visualize the specimens with 500x […]
As an Amazon Associate Conductscience Inc earns revenue from qualifying purchases Introduction Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is an important tool in the expanding field of biomedical research and microbiology. The high resolution provided by the electron beams accelerated at high voltage makes the TEM indispensable for detailed analysis. The specimen is an ultrathin section or […]
Introduction Electron microscopes are similar to light microscopes in many respects, but in place of light (photons), electrons are used to image the specimen. In a light microscope, the resolution is limited by diffraction, which becomes significant below the wavelength of visible light, 0.4 – 0.7 μm. In comparison, the wavelength of the electrons used […]
Introduction The light or optical microscope is a common lab tool that can be used to visualize structures with sizes below that which can be seen by the human eye. Light microscopes are useful for size ranges down to roughly 1 micron (for comparison, the diameter of a human hair is approximately 100 microns). These […]
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