Behavioral & physiological endpoint methods.

Force at which a paw withdrawal response occurs during von Frey or electronic aesthesiometer testing.

Percent time or duration spent immobile except for respiration during fear, threat, or defensive-behavior assays.

Total path length covered during a defined assay window, commonly used as an activity, exploration, or motor-confound readout.

Duration or percentage of a trial spent inside a predefined arena, arm, chamber, target quadrant, platform, or stimulus zone.

Time from trial start to reaching a hidden platform, escape box, shelter, goal arm, or other task-defined escape criterion.

Time an animal remains on a rotating rod, beam, ladder, or elevated motor task before meeting a fall or failure criterion.

Time from placement on a heated plate to a predefined nocifensive response such as hindpaw licking, withdrawal, shaking, or jumping.

Time from radiant heat or tail-immersion stimulus onset to tail withdrawal, flick, or removal according to a predefined cutoff rule.

Time from radiant heat application under the hind paw to paw withdrawal during plantar thermal testing.

Peak or integrated movement response to a startling acoustic pulse, usually measured with a force plate, accelerometer, or startle chamber.

Percentage of total fluid intake consumed from a sucrose solution during a two-bottle or equivalent preference test.

Percent reduction in startle response when a weak prepulse precedes a stronger startling pulse.

Time an animal remains on an accelerating or fixed-speed rotating rod before falling, passive rotation, or task-defined failure.

Number or rate of paw slips while an animal traverses a narrow beam or balance beam under a defined scoring rule.

Time to orient downward and descend a vertical pole during a task used to assess movement initiation and coordination.

Change in time spent in a cue-paired compartment after conditioning with a rewarding or aversive stimulus.

Duration spent floating with only movements needed to keep the head above water during a forced swim test.

Duration spent immobile while a mouse is suspended by the tail during a defined scoring window.

Relative exploration of a novel object compared with a familiar object during a recognition-memory test.

Volume of oxygen consumed per unit time, measured by open-flow respirometry, as a primary index of aerobic metabolic rate at rest or during exercise.

Volume of carbon dioxide produced per unit time, measured by open-flow respirometry, used with VO₂ to derive substrate use and energy expenditure.

Ratio of CO₂ produced to O₂ consumed (VCO₂/VO₂), used to estimate the balance of fat versus carbohydrate oxidation.

Whole-animal energy use per unit time, derived from VO₂ and VCO₂, reported per animal and normalized to body or lean mass.