Enzymes are a group of proteins that catalyze non-spontaneous chemical reactions in any biological system. In an organism, enzymes function as a group of interconnected chemical reactions in a metabolic pathway, fulfilling a specific cellular task. Metabolic pathways are active under normal circumstances and alter their activities in response to internal and external stimuli. Delayed response or failure to answer
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Introduction: Allosteric enzymes are a group of biocatalysts that possess common characteristics of an enzyme but do not exhibit a typical Michaelis-Menten kinetic behavior. Instead, their kinetics follow a sigmoid curve. The key to allosteric enzyme activity lies in the reversible binding to a specific molecule on a non-catalytic site of the enzyme. The binding initiates the formation of enzyme-substrate
In the past, bacteriophage λ DNA purification was largely achieved through procedures that involved Cesium chloride gradients. However, these methods had a low recovery rate and a high chance of the presence of contaminants. Modern bacteriophage λ DNA purification methods give high yield and provide DNA free from contamination (Pickard, 2009). We can also purify bacteriophage λ DNA from liquid
Genomic DNA or cDNA clones are analyzed in a simple procedure that begins with the restriction digestion of phage DNA mini preparations. The digested DNA is then assessed by agarose gel electrophoresis. For the rapid analysis, one can purify bacteriophage DNA from plate lysates as well as liquid cultures. This method explains the purification of phage DNA from plate lysates.
Insertion of foreign DNA into M13 cloning vectors is a bit tricky and includes the following steps: Ligating double-stranded DNA segments with cohesive termini into compatible sites in M13 double-stranded RF DNA. Transforming ligation products into competent male E. coli cells (plated in top agar supplemented with X-gal and IPTG. Picking and propagating recombinant (white) and non-recombinant (blue) M13 phages
The vectors derived from filamentous phages containing a plasmid’s origin of replication are called phagemids (Qi et al., 2012). Phagemids comprise typical high-copy-number plasmids equipped with a major intergenic region (508bp in length) of a filamentous phage. This region does not encode any proteins; however, it comprises all the cis-acting sequences required to initiate and terminate viral DNA synthesis. These
Filters carrying immobilized bacteriophage DNA are labeled with 32P-labelled probes to screen by hybridization in situ. In this procedure, the filters are first submerged in a prehybridization solution (containing blocking solution) to reduce non-specific probe absorption. The filters are then incubated with a denatured radioactive probe for hybridization. Wash the filters to remove the non-specifically attached probe. Get the image
Introduction and History Amino acids are organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. They are monomers or building blocks of proteins. Proteins are one of the major biomolecules required for the proper functioning of living organisms. Moreover, they are the first biomolecules that were first recognized for their biological roles in organisms than the other biomolecules including carbohydrates, nucleic
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