The Calvin(-Benson-Bassham) (CBB) cycle, also named reductive pentose phosphate pathway or dark reactions, is a group of biochemical reactions in photoautotrophs. These reactions form the light-independent
Introduction Microbial growth is defined as an increase in the number of bacterial cells or an increase in the total mass. The cells increase in population
Genetic engineering is a technology in molecular biology that uses recombinant DNA technology to manipulate genetic materials. The technology aims to construct customized proteins or modify
What Are Peptides? The biological significance of proteins was recognized more than two centuries ago.[1] They were considered the primary material required for living organisms. But
What Are Artificial Enzymes? The term artificial enzyme loosely describes a molecule that attempts to imitate, recreate or modify naturally occurring biochemical reactions. Molecules are designed
What Is Gene Shuffling? Gene shuffling is the process of creating genetic recombination in any biological system, which results in new genetic combinations that lead to
Introduction and History The biological membrane, also known as cell membrane or biomembrane, is a selectively permeable membrane that defines the boundary of the cell and
The nitrogen cycle is a group of biogeochemical processes that harvest the element (nitrogen) from the Earth’s reservoirs, transform it into biologically active chemical forms so
Introduction Passive transport is the process of transporting molecules from one side of the membrane to the other without any energy requirements. The transport of materials
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