Cloning into Bacteriophage M13 Vectors

Introduction and Principle Insertion of foreign DNA into M13 cloning vectors is a bit tricky and includes the following steps: Ligating double-stranded DNA segments with cohesive termini into compatible sites in M13 double-stranded RF DNA. Transforming ligation products into competent male E. coli cells (plated in top agar supplemented with X-gal and IPTG.  Picking and […]

Generation of Single-Stranded DNA with Phagemid Vectors

Introduction The vectors derived from filamentous phages containing a plasmid’s origin of replication are called phagemids (Qi et al., 2012). Phagemids comprise typical high-copy-number plasmids equipped with a major intergenic region (508bp in length) of a filamentous phage. This region does not encode any proteins; however, it comprises all the cis-acting sequences required to initiate […]

Hybridization based Screening of Bacteriophage DNA on the filters

Need Digital Health Services for your research? Click here Filters carrying immobilized bacteriophage DNA are labeled with 32P-labelled probes to screen by hybridization in situ. In this procedure, the filters are first submerged in a prehybridization solution (containing blocking solution) to reduce non-specific probe absorption. The filters are then incubated with a denatured radioactive probe […]

Polysaccharides: Properties, Functions, and Applications

Introduction Polysaccharides are long-chain polymers of monosaccharide units, joined together by glycosidic linkages. They are also known as glycans. They are the most abundant carbohydrates found in food. Carbohydrates are vital macromolecules required for the essential functions of organisms. They are classified into the following three classes depending on two criteria, whether they undergo hydrolysis, […]

Enzymes as Biocatalysts

Biocatalysts refer to proteins that drive all non-spontaneous chemical reactions in any biological system. Also known as enzymes, they are sensitive to temperature and pH, and act only on their specific reactants, unlike inorganic catalysts. However, their activities can be modulated and controlled. Since enzymes are also active in vitro and are organic in nature, […]

Mutarotation: Definition, Mechanism, and Examples

Introduction The phenomenon of mutarotation was discovered in 1846 while a scientist was learning about the properties of glucose, a carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are the most abundant biological molecule on Earth. They are a vital part of people’s healthy diet and perform functions essential to life. Glucose and fructose are the main sources of energy supplied […]

Introduction to Enzymology

Enzymology is a field of study that deals with a specific group of proteins called enzymes. These proteins accelerate specific chemical reactions in a biological system, and these reactions are essential to the growth, development, adaptation, and survival of the organism. The absence, accumulation, or dysfunctionality of an enzyme has drastic effects on the living […]

Biomolecules: Types and Functions

Introduction The human body is composed of roughly 30 trillion cells that collectively perform the essential functions of life. The cells can perform these life-sustaining tasks with the help of several organic molecules present in them. These organic molecules are referred to as biomolecules. The biomolecules have a wide range of sizes and structures, and […]

Capillary Electrophoresis

  Capillary electrophoresis is one type of electrophoresis in which the separation of molecules is performed in a capillary tube that is immersed in an electrophoresis running solution. It is the only type of electrophoresis that can be modified to be fully automated and accommodate all forms of electrophoresis, this makes CE a powerful and […]