Human Sex Chromosomes and X-inactivation
Introduction Chromosomes are thread-like structures, located in the nucleus, which carry hereditary information in the form of genes. Structurally, it is composed of ‘packaging proteins and DNA molecules’, and it is represented in different shapes and numbers which vary among different living organisms. For example, bacteria have circular chromosomes, whereas organisms like humans and other […]
Estimating the Chiasma Frequency in Diplotene-Diakinesis Stage
Reference to this article: ConductScience, Estimating the Chiasma Frequency in Diplotene-Diakinesis Stage (2019). doi.org/10.55157/CS20200925 Introduction Chiasma is the point of crossing over or site where the exchange of genetic material takes place between two homologous, non-sister chromatids. The crossover occurs in the pachytene stage, however, it is observed in the diplotene stage of meiosis-I[2]. The […]
Clinical Cytogenetics – Pt.2: A Study of Chromosomal Aberrations
Introduction Since the discovery of chromosomes, the cytogenetic field has evolved rapidly. The techniques have unfolded several hidden mysteries of chromosomes. And later, it gave rise to two branches: molecular and clinical cytogenetics. The studies in clinical cytogenetics suggested that the structural and numerical aberrations of chromosomes (autosomal and sex) are the cause of […]
Clinical Cytogenetics – Pt.1: A study of chromosomal aberrations
As we know, cytogenetics is the study of chromosomal structure and behavior by using different staining techniques. In the year 1962, Lejeune proved Waardenburg’s hypothesis (the cause of Down syndrome could be a chromosomal aberration) by reporting the first case of syndrome due to chromosomal aberrations. It was a major breakthrough in cytogenetics research.[2] With […]
Cytogenetics: An advanced technique to color Chromosomes
As an Amazon Associate, ConductScience Inc. earns revenue from qualifying purchases Introduction Cytogenetics is the study of the structural and functional properties of the chromosome. It includes chromosomal structure, function, behavior – during mitosis and meiosis, and influence on the phenotype of an organism. It is used as a tool to understand genetic phenomena due […]
Molecular Cytogenetics: in situ hybridization-based technology
Introduction Cytogenetics was introduced in 1900 as a tool to determine the correct number of chromosomes of an organism. Since the 1970s, it has been used to detect clinical syndromes; it helped to understand the chromosomal aberrations and phenotypes associated with it. Karyotyping was the first cytogenetics tool used to study the characteristics of chromosomes. […]
Histochemical Techniques to Demonstrate Minor Compounds
As an Amazon Associate, ConductScience Inc. earns revenue from qualifying purchases Introduction Minor compounds, also known as “Minerals or Micronutrients”, are required by living organisms, in a small amount, for their growth and development. Depending on the concentration, that is required to perform a function in an organism, minerals are categorized into two […]
Histochemical Techniques to Demonstrate Lipids
As an Amazon Associate, ConductScience Inc. earns revenue from qualifying purchases Introduction Lipids are biomolecules having a diverse group of organic compounds that include fatty acids, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, and sterols. These compounds are insoluble or poorly soluble in water due to the presence of long hydrocarbon chains in their structures. They are easily soluble […]
Histochemical techniques to demonstrate Carbohydrates-Polysaccharides
Introduction Carbohydrates are the most abundant and one of the four essential macromolecules, required for the survival of living beings. Structurally, these are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones. Carbohydrates are divided into three classes depending upon the number of forming units (aldehyde or ketone), which are monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. These carbohydrates have extensive roles to […]