Laboratory Freezers and Combos

Introduction Laboratory freezers are the refrigerated cabinets employed for storing biological samples and reagents in animal laboratories at temperatures ranging from -80oC to 10oC. Portable freezers are used to transfer biodegradable specimens; explosion-proof freezers are required to store flammable vapors, which might explode at room temperature; ultra-low temperature freezers are used to store products below […]

ESR Testing Methods

Introduction Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a measure of the rate of fall of RBCs at the bottom of a test tube when held upright in a fixed position for a specified time. Essentially, the ESR is a physical process that occurs in normal conditions but can increase in response to an altered blood suspension […]

Competency Assessment in Clinical Laboratories

Until 1988, there was no administrative need to set up a targeted system for documenting employees’ competency in clinical laboratories. Regular performance evaluations are conducted to evaluate the performance of the clinical laboratory staff for job promotion or increase in salary. Although external proficiency testing assesses the ability to achieve the desired result for a […]

Lab Basics: Centrifuge Rotors, Inserts, and Accessories

Introduction Centrifuges are everyday instruments used in research and clinical laboratories. Different types of rotors, inserts, and accessories are combined with these centrifuges for various applications. Since these rotors and inserts are a significant investment for labs, they must be carefully selected to ensure precise experimental outcomes. Centrifuge rotors can be divided into fixed-angle rotors, […]

Lab Basics: Benchtop Centrifuges

Introduction Benchtop centrifuges are the equipment utilized in laboratories to separate and purify molecular mixtures in a liquid medium based on their density gradient. Centrifugation is a significant practice employed in biochemistry labs for analyzing and isolating cells, subcellular fractions, molecular complexes, and biological macromolecules like proteins, DNA, and RNA. Centrifuges are high-speed devices that […]

Autoclaves and Sterilizers

Introduction An autoclave sterilizes medical or laboratory equipment to kill viruses, bacteria, fungi, and spores. It is the most thorough kind of decontamination that employs saturated steam at a high temperature (typically 121°C) for 15-20 minutes for sterilization (Panta, Richardson, Shaw, Chambers, & Coope, 2019).  The steam must come into direct contact with the materials […]

Alcohol Fermentation

Introduction Alcoholic fermentation or ethanol fermentation is a biotechnological process in which sugars such as glucose, sucrose, and fructose are converted into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide in the presence of yeast (S. cerevisiae), some bacteria, or other microorganisms.  Alcoholic fermentation is a type of fermentation process widely used in producing alcoholic beverages such as […]

Methods for Disinfecting Medical Equipment: Environmental Impact Review

The purpose of this article is to assess the environmental sustainability of current technologies used for disinfecting medical equipment and it provides an example of an environment-friendly disinfecting technology namely, Ultraviolet (UV) light. These currently commonly used techniques are shown to be hazardous to the environment and public health.  Using UV light to disinfect medical […]

The Calvin Cycle (AKA Light-Independent Reactions)

See our Environmental Science Products Environmental Science The Calvin(-Benson-Bassham) (CBB) cycle, also named reductive pentose phosphate pathway or dark reactions, is a group of biochemical reactions in photoautotrophs.  These reactions form the light-independent stage of photosynthesis, where the energy converted from light is used to assimilate carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.  The fixed carbon molecules […]