To ensure accurate test results, the apparatus must be meticulously cleaned before and after each trial. Video tracking software, such as Noldus Ethovision XT or ANY-Maze, can be utilized to monitor the subject’s movements within the chamber. The Step-Down Avoidance task is conducted in two main phases:

Training Phase: The subject is carefully placed on the central platform within the chamber. When it steps down onto the grid with all four paws, it receives a continuous electric shock until it returns to the platform to escape the unpleasant stimulus. Both step-down latency and escape latency are recorded. Typically, for substance tests, the subject is administered the substance immediately after this training.

Retention Test: This phase is usually conducted 24 hours after the training. The subjects are again positioned on the central platform, and their step-down latency is recorded. They are observed until a predetermined cutoff time. Regardless of their activity, subjects are then placed in a corner of the chamber with their tails facing the platform. An electric shock is administered, and the escape latency is also documented.

The Step-Down Avoidance Task serves as an effective method for assessing aversive memory and learning. Since memory itself is intangible, it is inferred through behavioral responses following specific experiences. Various substances can influence how a subject perceives an experience and affect its retention capabilities. Additionally, neurodegenerative and other neurological disorders can significantly impact learning and memory.

Evaluation of Voltage-Dependent Changes in Retention of Passive Avoidance and Escape Learning Responses: During the training session, subjects receive electric shocks of varying intensities (0, 30, 45, and 60 V). After a 24-hour period, their responses to passive avoidance and escape learning are assessed during the retention task (Kameyama et al., 1986).